Innlend rafhlaða litíum-endurvinnslukeðja er að fullu greidd
3.1. "Sketch" of domestic power lithium-ion battery recycling: many "sharers"
Vegna hugsanlegs verðmæti markaðarins fyrir orkulitíum-jónarafhlöður og samfélagslegrar nauðsyn og eftirspurnar eftir endurvinnslu hans, hafa margar tegundir fyrirtækja gripið til aðgerða í iðnaðarskipulagi endurvinnslu rafhlöðu rafhlöðu-. . Þar á meðal getur fallnýting litíum-jónarafhlöðu sem hefur verið eytt afl beitt betur þeim hita sem eftir er, sem hefur alltaf verið svið sem tengd fyrirtæki hafa oft notað.
After the previous attempts of related companies and the "blue thread" on behalf of companies (such as my country's iron towers, etc.), the commercialization of domestic power lithium-ion battery recycling is gradually moving towards large-scale development. As the largest user unit in the field of cascade utilization of retired batteries, my country's iron tower plans to continue to expand the scale of use of cascaded batteries, and stop purchasing lead-acid batteries, replacing them with cascaded lithium-ion batteries.
Á sama tíma hafa tegundir fyrirtækja sem taka þátt í endurvinnslu á kraftlitíum-jónarafhlöðum smám saman breyst, sem hefur smám saman orðið framtíðarstefna. Fyrirtæki á rafhlaða-endurvinnslumarkaði fyrir rafhlöður innihalda flestar tegundir fyrirtækja í rafhlöðuframleiðslukeðjunni, eins og rafhlöðunotendaeiningar, rafhlöðuframleiðslufyrirtæki, efnisfyrirtæki, orkugeymslufyrirtæki, búnaðarframleiðendur og bílafyrirtæki.
Það eru 12 mikilvæg rafhlaða-endurvinnslufyrirtæki í Kína og mikilvæga tæknilega leiðin er blaut aðferð. Þar á meðal tekur Beijing Saidemei litíumjárnfosfatviðgerðir og endurnýjun sem tæknilega leið, Quzhou Huayou, Harbin Battery og Shandong Weineng framleiða rafhlöðuhráefni, og restin er framleiðsla á þríbundnum efnum. Ef Jingmen GEM er tekið sem dæmi, þá fer endurheimt afl litíum-rafhlaðan í gegnum formeðferðarskref eins og losun, sundurtöku, mulning og flokkun, og fer síðan í útskolun með brennisteinssýru og síunarleifarnar verða fyrir skaðlausri meðhöndlun. Síuvökvinn er hlutlaus til að fjarlægja Fe, Al og aðrar óhreinindijónir og síðan dreginn út til að fá Mn, Cu, Zn súlfat og síðan rafútsett til að fá Cu og Zn. Ni-saltið og Co-saltið eru aðskilin með efnafellingu og eftir sýruskolun er málmþátturinn fengin að lokum með vetnisminnkun.
3.2. Gagnkvæmur ávinningur og vinnings-vinningsstaða: Samstarf endurvinnsluviðskipta milli rafhlöðuiðnaðarkeðjanna er smám saman eflt
Samvinnan milli andstreymis og niðurstreymis rafhlöðuiðnaðarkeðjunnar er óumflýjanleg þróun í framtíðinni, sem ræðst af flóknu endurvinnsluferli kraftlitíum-jónarafhlöðna.
(1) Ábyrgðarsjónarmið: Hvort sem það er stofnun framleiðendaábyrgðarviðbótarkerfisins eða óumflýjanleg krafa um innheimtu umhverfisverndarkostnaðar, þá er bílafyrirtækjum sem staðsett eru í neytendastöðvum skylt að vinna viðeigandi vinnu á rafknúnum ökutækjum sem þau selja, og þau eru líka beinustu samskiptin við neytendur. Tenglar, kostir þess liggja í rásum, en ókostir þess liggja í endurnotkun og efnisframleiðslu. Þess vegna er samstarf bílafyrirtækja og rafhlöðufyrirtækja mikilvæg þróun.
(2) Aðferðarsjónarmið: Lághraða farartæki, orkugeymsla til heimilisnota o.s.frv. eru mikilvægir áfangastaðir fyrir fossnýtingu, en þrískiptir forefni og bakskautsframleiðsla eru mikilvægir áfangastaðir fyrir efni þeirra eftir endurvinnslu. Þess vegna er samvinna milli endurvinnslufyrirtækja og niðurstreymis umsóknarfyrirtækja einnig mikilvæg þróun. .
(3) Efnahagslegt sjónarhorn: Hagfræði er kjarnaþátturinn til að stuðla að aukningu endurvinnslumarkaðarins. Áður fyrr tóku rafhlöðufyrirtæki venjulega upp leiðir til lóðréttrar stækkunar andstreymis vegna auðlindatakmarkana og verðvandamála. Í þessu skyni eru efnisframleiðslufyrirtæki og rafhlöðufyrirtæki hvött til að auka tengd fyrirtæki.
At present, the cooperation between my country's battery industry chain has been demonstrated in many leading companies. From the beginning of the cooperation between power lithium-ion battery companies, materials companies, and related recycling companies, more and more car companies will also participate in the "cooperation alliance" model with the opening of the cascade utilization market.
3.3. "Cost reduction" and "closed loop" are the driving force of the business model
According to the different nature of the leading companies in the existing domestic business models, my country's power lithium-ion battery recycling market has spawned: power lithium-ion battery company recycling business model, lithium battery material company recycling business model, and cascade utilization business model.
(1) The recycling business model of the power lithium-ion battery company is dominated by the power lithium-ion battery production company, and the "recycling" of the card position improves the upstream bargaining power of raw materials and reduces the cost of battery production, which has become the source of this type of business model. Representative domestic companies include CATL, BYD, Guoxuan Hi-Tech, etc. On the other hand, judging from the requirements of the production responsibility extension system, power lithium-ion battery manufacturers often shoulder the responsibility of power lithium-ion battery recycling. At present, with the further expansion of the power lithium-ion battery market potential, major power lithium-ion battery companies have cooperated with material companies and third-party recycling institutions in the form of establishing strategic alliances and equity participation to deploy battery recycling business.
Til dæmis fór Ningde tímabil snjallt framhjá skipulagi hráefnisnámuiðnaðarins og með skipulagi endurvinnslufyrirtækisins hefur það bætt kostnaðarlækkunarrými eigin rafhlöðu að vissu marki.
In 2013 and 2015, Ningde Times increased its holdings of Bangpu Recycling, holding 69.02 percent of the shares of Bangpu, and then in September 2019, it established Ningbo Bangpu Times New Energy Co., Ltd. with a joint venture of 3.6 billion yuan with Bangpu Cycle. It marks the further expansion of CATL's layout in upstream cathode materials.
As early as 2008, Bump Cycle, a subsidiary of CATL, creatively proposed the concept of "upstream and downstream" recycling, and under the guidance of the government, it pioneered the recycling system of used batteries in my country. At present, Bangpu has set up 15 recycling outlets nationwide. These outlets directly connect with the sales and after-sales service network of car companies, which can partially solve the shortcomings of recycling outlets of car companies. In terms of resource recovery technology, Bangpu conducts fully automated pretreatments such as crushing, pyrolysis, crushing and repeated screening and magnetic separation of waste lithium-ion batteries to obtain concentrates containing nickel and cobalt, and then undergoes a series of chemical impurity removal and other processes. A ternary material precursor (nickel-hydrogen-manganese hydroxide) is generated in a specific shape. The ternary precursor and lithium carbonate are used as reactants, and are sintered in an oxygen atmosphere according to a set temperature program to obtain a nickel cobalt lithium manganate cathode material.
(2) The recycling business model of lithium battery material companies is dominated by lithium battery materials companies. By recycling key metal resources in waste batteries, an industrial closed loop and cost reduction space are formed, which has become the source of power for the development of this type of business model. Among them, ternary precursor companies have deployed in the field of lithium battery recycling, Guanghua Technology, GEM, Hunan Bangpu, Huayou Cobalt, Ganzhou Highpower (Xiamen Tungsten Industry Holdings) were selected as the first batch of "New Energy Vehicle Waste Power Battery Comprehensive Utilization Industry" Specification Conditions". In addition, Zhongwei Co., Ltd., Ganfeng Lithium Industry, Guangdong Jiana, Jinchi Energy, etc. also have the ability to recover lithium batteries.
1) Þegar Huayou Cobalt eykur uppstreymis auðlindaskipulag sitt og kaupir jarðefnaauðlindir, notar það einnig niðurstreymis endurvinnsluiðnað sinn, sem getur hugsanlega breikkað hráefnisframboðsrásir sínar á sviði kóbaltauðlinda og tryggt stöðugt auðlindaframboð og kostnaðarstöðugleika.
"Huayou Cobalt Industry" has a wholly-owned subsidiary, "Zhejiang Huayou Circulation Technology Co., Ltd.". In 2018, Huayou Recycling was recommended by Zhejiang Provincial Economic and Information Commission as the leading unit for the pilot work of recycling and utilization of power battery for new energy vehicles in the province. The special recycling production line put into operation by Huayou Cycle in 2018 has achieved an annual processing capacity of 64,680 tons of retired power batteries, and can comprehensively recover 5,783 tons of cobalt (metal content), 9,432 tons of nickel (metal content), 2,050 tons of lithium (metal content) and Manganese, copper foil, aluminum foil and other valuable elements.
2) Með því að samþætta auðlindir og efla samvinnu milli-iðnaðarins hefur GEM safnað tæknilegum kostum og stærðarkostum í litíum-jónarafhlöðuendurnýjunariðnaðinum.
GEM conducts its business layout according to the new energy full life cycle value chain of "battery recycling - raw material recycling - material recycling - battery pack recycling - new energy vehicle service". The company has cooperated with well-known domestic and foreign companies such as BAIC, BYD, and Samsung to open a large-scale social responsibility cycle system led by automobile factories, participated by battery factories, and undertaken by recycling companies, and realized the implementation of the full life cycle value chain model. At the same time, the company has successively signed vehicle battery recycling and disposal agreements with more than 160 car companies and battery companies.
(3) The representative company of the cascade utilization business model is my country Tower. As a third-party company, its main business is not battery and battery recycling business, but its main business type has a good fit with the cascade utilization of power lithium-ion battery recycling. For example, my country's iron tower is not only a consumer of retired batteries, but also a retired battery. Battery recyclers, based on the relevant experience of my country's iron towers, have summed up three ways to use lithium-ion batteries in a cascade, namely reassembly, direct combination of battery modules, and use of the whole package.
The key to the commercial recycling model of my country's iron towers is to cooperate with car companies and power lithium-ion battery companies to jointly build a shared recycling network. At present, my country Tower has signed strategic cooperation agreements with FAW, Dongfeng, Jianghuai, BYD, Weilai and many other new energy vehicle companies. These cooperation agreements mainly serve the recycling of retired batteries of new energy vehicles. At the same time, my country Tower is also actively conducting strategic cooperation with power lithium-ion battery companies. In January 2018, my country Tower and Guoxuan Hi-Tech signed a strategic cooperation agreement for the cascade recycling of power lithium-ion batteries. Guoxuan Hi-Tech and my country Tower have become strategic partners. Work together to promote the application of cascade power lithium-ion batteries in the field of communication base stations.
my country's iron towers have huge potential for cascade utilization of retired power lithium-ion batteries as energy storage batteries for base stations and have a broad market. As early as 2015, my country's iron tower companies have successively carried out the test of replacing lead-acid batteries with cascaded batteries in more than 3,000 base stations in 12 provinces and cities, which fully verified the safety and technical economy of cascaded utilization. In 2018, my country's iron tower company has stopped purchasing lead-acid batteries, but purchased retired power lithium-ion batteries from 20 companies including Shenzhen BYD. As of 2018, my country's iron towers have used a total of about 1.5GWh of cascade recycling batteries in about 120,000 base stations across the country, replacing about 45,000 tons of lead-acid batteries, becoming a leading company in the national cascade utilization industry.
With the advent of the 5G era, the construction of 5G base stations in my country's iron towers will usher in a rapid rise in the next few years. If cascaded batteries are applied to 5G base stations, the tower's demand for cascaded batteries will rise further. Based on the use of 12.5kWh cascade utilization batteries for each base station, we have integrated 5G spectrum and corresponding coverage enhancement methods. There are 4.45 million 4G base stations), with a total of about 5-6 million. The total demand for batteries corresponding to the cascade utilization will reach 62.5GWh-75GWh, which can basically be effectively digested by the future decommissioned batteries.
3.4. Að byggja upp kostnaðarlækkunarlíkan: skoða kostnaðarlækkunarrökfræði frá öðru sjónarhorni
3.4.1. Útreikningur á kostnaðarlækkun með því að taka í sundur og endurvinna: kostnaðarlækkunarrökfræði litíum rafhlöðuefnafyrirtækja
Að taka í sundur og endurvinna úrgangsafl litíum-jónarafhlöðuauðlinda getur dregið úr auðlindaskorti og þar með dregið úr nýtingu tengdra auðlinda og háð markaðsefni. Á sama tíma geta efnisfyrirtæki einnig fært ákveðinn efnahagslegan ávinning með beinni sölu á endurunnum málmum. Í þessu skyni smíðum við hagrænt matslíkan sem er gefið upp í formi samsvarandi stærðfræðilegs líkans til að draga úr inntakskostnaði við endurvinnslu litíum-jónarafhlöðu og kostnaðarlækkun á endurunnu efni. fyrir síðari orkulitíum-jónarafhlöðuframleiðslu, sem er þægilegt fyrir magngreiningu. .
Samkvæmt kostnaðargreiningaraðferðinni er tekjumódel litíum-jónarafhlöðunnar úrgangsorku komið á. Tekjurnar (E) geta verið gefnar upp með eftirfarandi formúlu: þar sem Esell þýðir að allir verðmætu málmar sem eru endurheimtir með sundurhlutun eru seldir beint (aðeins nikkel, kóbalt, mangan og litíum eru tekin til greina hér), táknar CRecycle viðeigandi kostnað sem þarf að taka tillit til. í því ferli að taka í sundur og endurvinna verðmæta málma.
Samkvæmt ofangreindri töflu er kostnaður við að endurvinna 1 tonn af farguðum rafhlöðum 21.900 Yuan, en kostnaður við að endurvinna 1 tonn af farguðum litíum járnfosfat rafhlöðum er 21.400 Yuan. Við munum í kjölfarið mæla endurvinnsluávinninginn af Ni, Co, Mn og Li sem endurheimt er með því að taka í sundur rafhlöður. Þar sem vörurnar sem eru endurheimtar við sundurliðun og endurvinnslu á litíum járnfosfat rafhlöðum á hvert tonn eru járnfosfat, litíumkarbónat og álefni, er efnahagslegur ávinningur af beinni sundrun og endurvinnslu ekki mikill og forgangsraðað er að fossanotkun eða förgun. kostnaður er innbyggður með stjórnunaraðferðum og styrkjum. , hagkerfið mun birtast.
Eftir að hafa ákvarðað kostnaðinn við að taka í sundur og endurvinna CRRecycle, þurfum við að ákvarða Esell, það er tekjur af beinni sölu á verðmætum málmum sem endurheimtir eru við niðurrif.
3.4.2. Calculation of cost reduction of "peak and valley arbitrage" of cascade utilization
Considering that a large number of lithium iron phosphate batteries will be retired in the future, the dismantling and recycling of simple lithium iron phosphate batteries does not have much economic benefits. Therefore, cascade utilization will become the best choice for decommissioned lithium iron phosphate batteries. The battery capacity of retired lithium iron phosphate batteries is often still 70 percent -80 percent , and in some occasions, it still has good energy storage benefits. Therefore, we designed a model of an energy storage power station based on retired lithium iron phosphate batteries, using "peak-valley arbitrage" to gain benefits.
